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英譯“實施”條文之典型錯誤
Date:2009-3-24
請看以下例示的“實施”條文英譯之典型錯誤——亦前本之鑒也。就此專題,筆者在其他著述中涉及過不止一次。但看來,積重一時 (其實此“一時”有數年至十數年之久)難返。本文又一次提出,不僅“溫故知新”而已,且系著眼于新的視角并以新的(1997-1998)資料為根據的錯誤事實及其分析,希望這類典型錯誤在今后十年內能在我們的法律英譯中斬草除根,永遠絕滅。
本文基礎資料均取自《上海市利用外資工作手冊》上海遠東出版社1998年增訂本(以下簡稱《手冊》)和上海中英對照《新法規月刊增刊》(以下直接用阿拉伯數字指年份以羅馬字指其期數),希各注意:
(1) Art.22 The present Measures shall come into effect from [?!]
March 1,1997
—《手冊》,P.914
(2) Art.43 The present Regulations shall come into force from [?!] July l,1996.
——《手冊》,P.907
(3) Art.23 The detailed Rules come into force as from [?!] the date of its [?!]promulgation.
——《手冊》,P.840
(4) Art.35 This law shall go into effect as of [?!] January 1,1995.
——《手冊》, P.1037
(5) Art.80 These Rules shall come into force,as from [?!] October 1, 1995.
(6) Art. This Law shall come into force as off [?!] September 1,1995.
——《手冊》,P.1074.
(7) Art.21 The present provisions shall be implemented on a trial basis [?!] September 1,1997.
一97/II,P.85
(8) Art.14 The present provisions shall become effective on the day of promulgation.
--97/II,P.19
(9) Art. 28 The Present provisions shall become effective on the day of promulgation.
對以上所例示的典型錯誤作如下分析:
甲.除上列例(3)之外,其余各例之謂語動詞都由“shall”與原形主動詞構成。但按英語言語實踐的客觀規律,這種“shall”的是違反規律的即錯誤的。這種濫用“shall”的錯誤在我們的法律翻譯實踐中是非常普遍的,從而給我們的(而不是英語國家的)法律英譯者一個錯覺:誤以為于茲場合使用“shall”的這種錯誤不是錯誤而是正確了。但我們法律漢譯英的錯誤決不因其頻率之高而不算錯誤了。請看《民法通則》第156條的下列正確譯文:
• Article 156 The Law goes into effect on January 1,1987.
--From Collection of Laws and Regulations of the People ’ s Republic of China Concerning Foreign Economic Affairs Vol 6, Beijing Law publishing House,1987,p.91
• Article 156 The Law goes into effect on January 1,1987
--General principles of Civil Law of the People ’ s Republic of China,translated by Whitmore Gray and Henry Ruiheng Zheng, from Lam and Contemporary problems,Vol.52 Spring & Summer 1989,Numbers 2 & 3
(3) Article 156 This law becomes effective on the first day of January 1,1987.
--China Law Reporter, American Bar Association
和錯誤譯文:
(4) Article l56 This law Shall Come into force on January 1,1987.
--The Laws of the People ’ s Republic of China (1983-1986), Foreign language press, 1987, p.249
(5) Article l56 This law Shall Come into force on 1 January, 1987.
--General Principles of Civil Law of the People ’ s Republic of China, CCH Australia
由于不用“shall”的正確譯法和濫用“shall”的錯誤譯法都相當普遍,法律英譯者中就流傳出這樣一種折衷說來了——不用“shall”對,用“shall”也對。這種說法非常有害。因為:
(6)法律條文的英語中一般不用將來時;
(7)在法律條文的英語中,“shall”不是一個temporal verb而只是個“modal verb”;
(8)一項法律定于何時實施,是該法律本身的規則(rule of law)[而不是當事人必須如此這般的行為規則(rule of conduct)]其動詞當然是平鋪直敘的直陳式(不用shall);
(9)即使假設(僅僅是假設)萬一(當然是不現實的)真的(其實是假的——假設嘛)這個“shall”不用固然對、用了也不錯;那末,這個“shall”也不該用:法律文字應力求簡練,故可用可不用以不用為是;
(10):所以無論如何雄辯也無法證明用“shall”是對的;而不用“shall”是對的,已經證明如上。
乙.上列各例中除例(7)中的“be implemented"外,主要動詞“(be)come”或“go”都作用剎那的時間點(而無法作用于時間段),因此凡是用“from...”、“as from...”或“as of...”等介詞短語的實例全都錯了
于此相反 ,例(7)“be implemented”則是作用于時間段的[得以實施的狀態]卻被譯成只作用于時間點“on September 1,1997.”-當然是一個錯誤[應更正為“as of”或“as from Sept.1,1997”]。
丙 .英語習慣與漢語不同,漢語一般只須說“請舉手!”而不必說“請舉你們的手”,而英語則一般得說“Raise your hands”而不是說“Raise hands, please!”(特殊情況下說“hands up!”[而不是“溫、良、恭、謙、讓”的“your hands up, please!”]自當別論)。由此可見,上列例子8-9的“on the date of promulgation”的“promulgation”就同剛才提到的“hands”一樣,必須有相應的物主代詞才是而現在這樣不用物主代詞,當然是錯的。
上例( 3)的“promulgation”前雖然用了物主代詞“its”,但這個物主代詞卻是不中用的-因為這個“its”不是上下文相應點的人稱代詞!為此,例子(3)必須作如下更正才是:
① The detailed Rules come into force on the date of their promulgation.
② The detailed Rules comes into force on the date of its promulgation.
為了有始有終,強調不用“”是正確的譯,并使讀者對此留下最后的印象,請看:
These provisions go into effect on November 1, 1988.
-《上海涉外經濟法規規章匯編》(1982-1990),上海人民出版社1991年版,P.219
(本文摘自陳忠誠著:《法苑翻譚》,中國法制出版社, 2000 年)
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